醫(yi)療(liao)廢水處理一體化裝(zhuang)置
離子交換處理法
離子交換處理法是利用離子交換劑分離廢水中有害物質的方法，應用的離子交換劑有離子交換樹脂、沸石等等，離子交換樹脂有凝膠型和大孔型。前者有選擇性，后者制造復雜、成本高、再生劑耗量大，因而在應用上受到很大限制。離子交換是靠交換劑自身所帶的能自由移動的離子與被處理的溶液中的離子通過離子交換來實現的。推動離子交換的動力是離子間濃度差和交換劑上的功能基對離子的親和能力，多數情況下離子是先被吸附，再被交換，離子交換劑具有吸附、交換雙重作用。這種材料的應用越來越多，如膨潤土，它是以蒙脫石為主要成分的粘土，具有吸水膨脹性好、比表面積大、較強的吸附能力和離子交換能力，若經改良后其吸附及離子交換的能力更強。但是卻難再生，天然沸石在對重金屬廢水的處理方面比膨潤土具有更大的優點：沸石是含網架結構的鋁硅酸鹽礦物，其內部多孔，比表面積大，具有*的吸附和離子交換能力。研究表明，沸石從廢水中去除重金屬離子的機理，多數情況下是吸附和離子交換雙重作用，隨流速增加，離子交換將取代吸附作用占主要地位。若用NaCl對天然沸石進行預處理可以提高吸附和離子交換功能。通過吸附和離子交換再生過程，廢水中重金屬離子濃度可濃縮提高30倍。沸石去除，在NaCl再生過程中，去除率達97%以上，可多次吸附交換，再生循環，而且對銅的去除率并不降低。
生物處理技術
由于傳統治理方法有成本高、操作復雜、對于大流量低濃度的有害污染難處理等缺點，經過多年的探索和研究，生物治理技術日益受到人們的重視。隨著耐重金屬毒性微生物的研究進展，采用生物技術處理電鍍重金屬廢水呈現蓬勃發展勢頭，根據生物去除重金屬離子的機理不同可分為生物絮凝法、生物吸附法、生物化學法以及植物修復法。
生物絮凝法
生物絮凝法是利用微生物或微生物產生的代謝物進化絮凝沉淀的一種除污方法。微生物絮凝劑是一類由微生物產生并分泌到細胞外，具有絮凝活性的代謝物。一般由多糖、蛋白質、DNA、纖維素、糖蛋白、聚氨基酸等高分子物質構成，分子中含有多種官能團，能使水中膠體懸浮物相互凝聚沉淀。至目前為止，對重金屬有絮凝作用的約有十幾個品種，生物絮凝劑中的氨基和羥基可與Cu2+、Hg2+、Ag+、Au2+等重金屬離子形成穩定的螯合物而沉淀下來。應用微生物絮凝法處理廢水安全方便無毒、不產生二次污染、絮凝效果好，且生長快、易于實現工業化等特點。此外，微生物可以通過遺傳工程、馴化或構造出具有特殊功能的菌株。因而微生物絮凝法具有廣闊的應用前景。
生物吸附法
生物(wu)吸(xi)附(fu)法是利(li)用(yong)生物(wu)體本身的(de)化學結構及成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)特性來吸(xi)附(fu)溶于水(shui)中(zhong)的(de)金(jin)(jin)屬離(li)子(zi)，再通(tong)過固(gu)液兩相(xiang)分(fen)(fen)離(li)去除水(shui)溶液中(zhong)的(de)金(jin)(jin)屬離(li)子(zi)的(de)方法。利(li)用(yong)胞外聚(ju)合物(wu)分(fen)(fen)離(li)金(jin)(jin)屬離(li)子(zi)，有(you)些細菌在生長(chang)過程中(zhong)釋放的(de)蛋白(bai)質，能(neng)使溶液中(zhong)可溶性的(de)重金(jin)(jin)屬離(li)子(zi)轉(zhuan)化為(wei)沉淀物(wu)而去除。生物(wu)吸(xi)附(fu)劑具有(you)來源(yuan)廣(guang)、價格低、吸(xi)附(fu)能(neng)力強、易于分(fen)(fen)離(li)回收重金(jin)(jin)屬等特點，已經被廣(guang)泛應用(yong)。
生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)化學(xue)法(fa)(fa)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)化學(xue)法(fa)(fa)指通過微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)處理(li)(li)含重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬廢(fei)(fei)水，將(jiang)(jiang)可(ke)溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)化為(wei)不溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)化合物(wu)(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)去(qu)(qu)除。硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)還(huan)(huan)原法(fa)(fa)是(shi)一種典型生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)化學(xue)法(fa)(fa)。該(gai)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)在厭(yan)氧條件(jian)下(xia)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽還(huan)(huan)原菌(jun)通過異(yi)化的(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽還(huan)(huan)原作用，將(jiang)(jiang)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽還(huan)(huan)原成(cheng)(cheng)H2S，廢(fei)(fei)水中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)可(ke)以(yi)和所產生(sheng)的(de)H2S反應生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)溶(rong)(rong)解度很低的(de)金(jin)屬硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化物(wu)(wu)(wu)沉淀而(er)(er)被去(qu)(qu)除，同時(shi)H2SO4的(de)還(huan)(huan)原作用可(ke)將(jiang)(jiang)SO42-轉(zhuan)化為(wei)S2-而(er)(er)使(shi)廢(fei)(fei)水的(de)PH值升(sheng)高。因許多重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)氫(qing)氧化物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)體積很小而(er)(er)沉淀。有(you)關研究表明，生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)化學(xue)法(fa)(fa)處理(li)(li)含Cr6+濃度為(wei)3040mg/L的(de)廢(fei)(fei)水去(qu)(qu)除率(lv)可(ke)達99.67%—99.97%。有(you)人還(huan)(huan)利用家畜(chu)糞(fen)便厭(yan)氧消化污泥(ni)進行礦(kuang)山(shan)酸(suan)性(xing)廢(fei)(fei)水重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)處理(li)(li)，結(jie)果(guo)表明該(gai)方法(fa)(fa)能有(you)效去(qu)(qu)除廢(fei)(fei)水中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬。用脫硫(liu)(liu)(liu)腸桿菌(jun)（SRV）去(qu)(qu)除電鍍廢(fei)(fei)水中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)銅(tong)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，在銅(tong)質量濃度為(wei)246.8mg/L的(de)溶(rong)(rong)液，當PH為(wei)4.0時(shi)，去(qu)(qu)除率(lv)達99.12%。
醫療(liao)廢(fei)水處理一體化裝(zhuang)置污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，通常(chang)指(zhi)受(shou)一(yi)(yi)定污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)、來自生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)棄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)主要有(you)(you)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)業廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和初期雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)主要污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物有(you)(you)病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)(yuan)體(ti)(ti)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物， 耗氧(yang)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物，植物營養物，有(you)(you)毒污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物等(deng)(deng)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)是(shi)(shi)人(ren)類(lei)在(zai)(zai)日(ri)常(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)使用(yong)過的(de)(de)(de)，并被(bei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)所污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。其水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量隨季節而變化(hua)，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)夏季用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)相(xiang)(xiang)對較多，濃度(du)低；冬季相(xiang)(xiang)應量少(shao)，濃度(du)高(gao)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)不(bu)含有(you)(you)毒物質(zhi)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)它有(you)(you)適合(he)(he)微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物繁殖的(de)(de)(de)條件，含有(you)(you)大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)原(yuan)(yuan)體(ti)(ti)，從衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)角度(du)來看有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)危害性。工(gong)(gong)(gong)業廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)礦生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)活(huo)(huo)(huo)動中(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)業廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)與(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、并被(bei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)原(yuan)(yuan)料(liao)、半(ban)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)品或(huo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)品等(deng)(deng)原(yuan)(yuan)料(liao)所污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)，也包(bao)括(kuo)熱污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)（指(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溫超過60℃的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)）；生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，但(dan)未(wei)直接參與(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、未(wei)被(bei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)原(yuan)(yuan)料(liao)、半(ban)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)品或(huo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)品等(deng)(deng)原(yuan)(yuan)料(liao)所污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)或(huo)只是(shi)(shi)溫度(du)少(shao)有(you)(you)上升的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)需要進行凈(jing)化(hua)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)；生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)不(bu)需要凈(jing)化(hua)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)或(huo)僅(jin)需做(zuo)簡單的(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)，如冷卻(que)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)與(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)混合(he)(he)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稱為(wei)城市污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。按污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)來源分(fen)類(lei)，污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)分(fen)為(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)包(bao)括(kuo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、農業污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)以及(ji)醫療污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)等(deng)(deng)，而生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)就是(shi)(shi)日(ri)常(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)各種形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)無機物和有(you)(you)機物的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜混合(he)(he)物，包(bao)括(kuo)：①漂浮和懸浮的(de)(de)(de)大(da)小固(gu)體(ti)(ti)顆粒；②膠(jiao)狀和凝膠(jiao)狀擴散物；③純溶液。
懸浮物的去除
城市污水處理廠二級處理出水中殘留的懸浮物是粒度10微米至數毫米的膠體和生物絮凝體，幾乎都有有機物，它們占出水BOD的50%~80%，適于采用過濾、混凝-沉淀或混凝-沉淀-過濾的方法去除。
混凝沉淀
城市污水二級處理出水中殘留的懸浮物大部分是有機膠體和生物絮凝體，其混凝過程的原理、工藝、設備等與給水處理基本相同，但城市污水處理廠出水的水質特點與給水處理的原水水質有較大的差異，因此實際的混凝條件和設計參數不*一致。
污水二級處理出水的絮凝時間較天然水絮凝時間短，形成的絮體較輕，不易沉淀，宜進行混凝試驗或根據實際運行經驗，確定混凝條件和設計參數。
過濾
在污水深度處理工藝中，過濾作為前處理操作單元，通常是*，也是使用多的一種單元技術。有效的過濾技術，可進一步去除剩余的懸浮物，并使出水水質保持穩定。
城市污水二級處理出水經過混凝沉淀（混凝氣浮、混凝澄清）處理后，再經砂濾處理，能去除殘余的懸浮顆粒和微絮凝體，并增加SS、BOD、COD、磷、重金屬、細菌、病毒和其他物質的去除效率。由于去除了懸浮物和其他干擾物質，還可以提高消毒效率，降低消毒劑用量。
過濾單元還作為活性炭濾池、膜過濾等工藝的預處理，以減少后續處理的負荷、防止堵塞、提高處理效率。
溶解性物質的去除
城市污水或工業廢水經常規生物處理后，可生物降解的有機物（溶解的和不溶解的）基本上都已去除，BOD5值可降到20mg/L以下，但COD值往往還比較高，表明水中還殘存著一些難生物降解的溶解性有機物。
對于城市污水，這(zhe)部分難降(jiang)解有機(ji)(ji)物主要(yao)是單寧(ning)、木質素、黑腐酸等；對于工業廢水，其成分復(fu)雜(za)得多，可能(neng)還包括氯或硝基取代的芳烴化合物、雜(za)環化合物、洗(xi)滌劑、合成染料、除(chu)銹劑、DDT等。此類有機(ji)(ji)物因屬溶解性，不能(neng)用(yong)混凝、沉淀(dian)、過濾(lv)等方(fang)法去除(chu)；又因分子量大，也(ye)不能(neng)用(yong)好(hao)氧生物方(fang)法進一步去除(chu)。
